Dictionary
to consider or examine in speech or writing "The author talks about the different aspects of this question" "The class discussed Dante's `Inferno'" speak with others about (something) talk (something) over in detail have a discussion "We discussed our household budget"
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Wikipedia
Debate, also Debating outside the USA and Canada, is a formalized system of (usually) logical argument. Rules governing debate allow groups and individuals to discuss and decide issues and differences. Debate is a common process in Deliberative body deliberative bodies such as parliaments, legislative assemblies, and meetings of all sorts. Outcomes of debates may be decided by voting, by judges, or by combination of both. Formal debates between candidates for elected office such as the leaders debates and the U.S. presidential election debates are common in democracies.In the United States, meetings which may involve large group debates are frequently run according to Roberts Rules of Order. Competitive Debate is a competition most commonly engaged in at the high school and college level. It is a rule-governed contest with two sides, usually presided by a number of judges. Each side is attempting to win the approval of a designated audience, such as the judges. Competitive Debate is a highly organized activity with teams such as the Oxford Union at the local, national, and international level.
Competitive Debate in education - Competitive debate is popular in English-speaking universities and high schools around the world, most notably in North America, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, and Asia. Many different styles of debate occur under a variety of organizations and rules.
Parliamentary Debate - Main article: Parliamentary debate'' Parliamentary debate (sometimes referred to as "Parli") is conducted under rules derived from British parliamentary procedure. It features the competition of individuals in a multi-person setting. It borrows terms such as "government" and "opposition" from the British parliament. It is commonly used in Canada.Throughout the world, parliamentary debate is what most countries know as "debating", and is the primary style practiced in the United Kingdom, Australia, India and most other nations. The premier event in the world of parliamentary debate, the World Universities Debating Championship, is conducted in the British Parliamentary style.In the U.S. the APDAAmerican Parliamentary Debate Association (APDA) is the oldest national parliamentary debating organization, based on the East Coast of the United Stateseast coast and including all of the Ivy League, although the more recently founded National Parliamentary Debate AssociationNational Parliamentary Debate Association (NPDA) is now the largest collegiate sponsor. The National Parliamentary Debate LeagueNational Parliamentary Debate League (NPDL) is the umbrella organization for all debating at the secondary school level in the United States. And in Canada, the CUSIDCanadian Universities Society for Intercollegiate Debating (CUSID) is the umbrella organization for all university-level debating.
British Parliamentary Debate - This style of parliamentary debating is used in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Europe and Africa and for the World Universities Debating Championship. Speeches are 7 min in length at Worlds and some other competitions, but frequently 5 minutes in length - in either case, the first and last minute of each speech is "protected" time in which the speaker may not be interrupted by points of information. Four teams (two on each side) use the following positions:Opening Government:*''Prime Minister'' or ''First Government member'' and*''Deputy Prime Minister'' or ''Second Government member'';Opening Opposition:*''Leader of the Opposition'' or ''First Opposition member'' and*''Deputy Leader of the Opposition'' or ''Second Opposition member'';Closing Government:*''Member for the Government'' or ''Third Government member'' and*''Government Whip'' or ''Fourth Government member'';Closing Opposition:*''Member for the Opposition'' or ''Third Opposition member'' and*''Opposition Whip'' or ''Fourth Opposition member''.Speaking order is#Prime Minister#Opposition Leader;#Deputy Prime Minister;#Deputy Opposition Leader;#Member for the Government;#Member for the Opposition;#Government Whip;#Opposition Whip.:Members will deliver a substantive speech of five or seven minutes duration and should offer points of information while members of the opposing teams are speaking.:Depending on the country, there are variations in speaking time, speaking order, and the number of speakers. For example, in New Zealand, both the leader of the Opposition and the Prime Minister offer a short summary as the last two speakers.
American Parliamentary: - Parliamentary debating in The United States uses two teams who have the following positions:Government*Prime Minister (PM)*Member of the Government (MG)Opposition*Leader of the Opposition (LO)*Member of the Opposition (MO)Parliamentary debate is offered by a number of United States organizations at the tertiary and secondary level. The National Parliamentary Debate Association (NPDA), the American Parliamentary Debate Association (APDA), and the National Parliamentary Tournament of Excellence (NPTE) are all organizations that offer colleigiate parliamentary debate and use the following speaking and timing order: Prime Minister (7 min) Leader of the Opposition (8 min) Member of the Government (8 min) Member of the Opposition (8 min) Leader of the Opposition Rebuttal (4 min) Prime Minister Rebuttal (5 min)The California High School Speech Association (CHSSA) and the National Parliamentary Debate League (NPDL) offer high school parliamentary debate, and use the following timing structure: Prime Minister (7 min) Leader of the Opposition (7 min) Member of the Government (7 min) Member of the Opposition (7 min) Leader of the Opposition Rebuttal (5 min) Prime Minister Rebuttal (5 min)In all of the above United States formats except CHSSA, questions can be asked of the speaker during the first 4 speeches, except during the first and last minute of each speech. Under CHSSA, questions are permitted in all six speeches.In rebuttals, the speaker can be interrupted by the other team for two reasons. First, for Points of Order, which are used when a speaker is making a new argument or when they are grossly mischaracterizing arguments. Second, for Points of Personal Privilege, which are used when the speaker makes offensive claims, or personal attacks. Points of Personal Privilege are almost never seen. CHSSA does not allow for either Points of Order or Points of Personal Privilege. APDA and NPDL do not allow Points of Personal Privilege.
World Schools Style - World Schools Style (or WSS) is a debating style which is fairly easy to learn. This is a combination of the British Parliamentary and Australian formats, designed to meet the needs of the World Schools Debating Championships tournament. Each debate comprises eight speeches delivered by two three-member teams (the Proposition and the Opposition). Each speaker delivers a six-minute speech; then both teams deliver a "reply speech" lasting four minutes, with the last word being reserved for the PropositionEach team has three speakers and this is the order in which they speak:First speaker of the Proposition (speaks for 8 minutes, presents the case of the Proposition, defines the motion, gives 2/3 of the arguments of the Proposition)First speaker of the Opposition (speaks for 8 minutes, may accept the definitions or contest them and give an alternative, rebuts Proposition arguments, presents the case of the Opposition, gives 2/3 of the arguments of the Opposition).Second speaker of the Proposition (speaks for 8 minutes, further develops the case of the Proposition, rebuts the arguments of the first speaker of the Opposition, gives 1/3 of the arguments of the Proposition)Second speaker of the Opposition (speaks for 8 minutes, further develops the case of the Opposition, rebuts the arguments given by the second speaker of the Proposition, gives 1/3 of the arguments of the Opposition)Third speaker of the Proposition (speaks for 8 minutes, rebuilds the case of the Proposition, rebuts the arguments of the second speaker of the Opposition, concludes case)Third speaker of the Opposition (speaks for 8 minutes, rebuilds the case of the Opposition, rebuts the arguments of the second speaker of the Opposition - may not introduce a new argument!)Reply speaker of the Opposition (speaks for 4 minutes, outlines clash point, evaluates debate, gives the final appeal) - ''either the first or the second speaker of the Opposition, usually the first. It is not the third as there is not enough time for the third speaker to write a new speech''Reply speaker of the Proposition (speaks for 4 minutes, outlines clash point, evaluates debate, has the last word in protected time!) - ''either the first or the second speaker of the Opposition, usually the first. It is not the third as there is not enough time for the third speaker to write a new speech''During main speeches, members of the opposing team may offer Points of Information to express a question or brief remark, these shall not exceed 23 seconds or three sentences. First and last minutes of main speeches as well as the entire duration of reply speeches are protected, that means, no Points of Information may be offered.There is no cross examination. The Proposition has to prove the motion for a reasonable majority of cases, while it is not enough for the Opposition to present reasonable doubt.
Policy Debate - Main Article: Policy Debate'' Policy Debate is a style of debating where two teams of two debaters advocate or oppose a plan derived from a resolution that usually calls for a change in policy by the government. Teams alternate going "affirmative" or "negative". In most forms of the activity, there is a fixed topic for a entire year or another set period. In comparison to parliamentary debate, policy debate relies more on researched evidence and tends to have a larger sphere of what is considered legitimate argument, including counterplans, critical theory, and debate about the theoretical standards of the activity itself. While rhetoric is important and reflected in the "speaker points" given to each debater, each round is usually decided based on who has "won" the argument according to the evidence and logic presented. Sometimes decisions can take a substantial amount of time with judges reviewing the textual evidence. Additionally, in certain segments of the activity, debaters may speak very rapidly in order to present as much evidence and information as possible and counter the other side.Policy Debate is mostly practiced in the United States, although it has been attempted in Europe and Japan and has certainly influenced other forms of debate. Its evolution toward what some see as a more esoteric, albeit sophisticated, style has arguably challenged its domestic dominance and its international acceptance.In the US, high school Policy Debate is overseen by the National Forensic LeagueNFL and the National Catholic Forensic LeagueNCFL. Inter-Collegiate policy debate is overseen by the wfu.edu - National Debate Tournament (NDT), the cedadebate.org - Cross Examination Debate Association (CEDA), the National Educational Debate Association, and the Great Plains Forensic Conference.Debates consist of eight speeches, four affirmative and four negative, with each debater giving two speeches, one constructive (eight or nine minutes) in which new arguments may be raised and one rebuttal (four, five, or six minutes) in which new evidence, but no new arguments, may be raised. There are also usually three minute cross-examination periods after each constructive. Any issue which goes unaddressed by the opposite side is generally considered to be conceded, and debaters and judges rigorously "flow" or record every statement made in the round.
Lincoln-Douglas debate - Main article: Lincoln-Douglas Debate''Lincoln-Douglas debate, is a US format of debating named after the Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858famous series of Senate debates between the two candidates, has two participants who compete against each other. The arguments center around philosophy or abstract values, and thus it is also called a value debate. Lincoln-Douglas debate tends to require less evidence than policy debate, and thus emphasizes logic and reasoning. Most LD cases center around a core value and a value criterion, with the value representing the highest concept that can be achieved under a given resolution and the criterion being the best way to achieve or measure the value. While there are regional variations, most good LD debates occur when both sides agree on a set value, and then must argue their criteria on the best way to achieve or measure that core value. Lincoln-Douglas debate differs markedly on the national circuit from the local circuit. The national circuit is based more on the argumentation itself (known as "the flow") and hard evidence (called "cards"), while local circuits usually focus on rhetoric and encourage a more holistic approach to the topic.
Simulated legislature - High school debate events such as Student Congress, Model United Nations, European Youth Parliament, Junior State of America and the American Legion's Boys State and Girls State events are activities which are based on the premise of the contestants acting as representatives in a mock legislative body.
Moot court - Moot court (simulating appellate advocacy) and Mock trial (usually simulating criminal trials) competitions for law school, undergraduate, and (in some regions) high school students are held throughout the United States.
Other forms of debate -
Online Debating - With the increasing popularity and availability of the Internet to people, different opinions arise frequently. This paved the way for more formalized debating websites, typically in the form of online forums or bulletin boards. The debate style is interesting, as research and well thought out points and counterpoints are possible because of the obvious lack of time restraints (although practical time restraints usually are in effect, e.g., no more than 5 days between posts, etc.). Many people use this to strengthen their points, or drop their weaker opinions on things, many times for debate in formalized debates (such as the ones listed above) or for fun arguments with friends. The ease-of-use and friendly environments make new debaters welcome to share their opinions in many communities. Examples of online debating websites are shown in the external links.
U.S. presidential debates - Since the U.S. presidential election, 19761976 general election, American presidential debatedebates between presidential candidates have been a part of U.S. presidential campaigns. Unlike debates sponsored at the high school or collegiate level, the participants, format, and rules are not independently defined. Nevertheless, in a campaign season heavily dominated by television commercialtelevision advertisements, talk radio, soundbitesound bites, and spin (public relations)spin, they still offer a rare opportunity for citizens to see and hear the two major candidates side-by-side. The format of the presidential debates, though defined differently in every election, is typically more restrictive than many traditional formats, forbidding participants to ask each other questions and restricting discussion of particular topics to short time frames.The presidential debates were initially sponsored by the League of Women Voters, though since 1988 the two major political parties have taken over the process. In 2004, the Citizens' Debate Commission was formed in the hope of establishing an independent sponsor for presidential debates, with a more voter-centric role in the definition of the participants, format, and rules.
Debate and Argumentation Theory - All forms of debate, whether consciously or not, make certain assumptions about argumentation theory. The core concept of argumentation theory is the notion of advocacy. In most cases, at least one side in a debate needs to maintain the 'truth' of some proposition or advocate some sort of personal or political change or action. A debate could also potentially be between two or more competing propositions or actions. Or debate could also be a purely performative exercise of charisma and emotion with no assumption of fixed advocacy, but it would possibly lose much of its coherence and educational value. On the other hand, evolving and changing advocacies or no advocacies at all might be liberating and permit true advancement and understanding through debate. The variety of different debate forms and activities have different understandings about the nature and limits of advocacy, and different activities have different expectations about whether argumentation theory in relation to advocacy can be challenged within a competitive debate.
See also -
International University Debating - World Universities Debating Championship APDAAmerican Parliamentary Debating Association CUSIDCanadian University Society for Intercollegiate Debate North American Debating Championship North American Public Speaking Championship
International High School Debating - World Schools Debating Championships World Individual Debating and Public Speaking ChampionshipOther Spin room
External links - wikiquote
International debate organizations - idebate.org - International Debate Education Association ipdadebate.org - International Public Debate Association aidaonline.org - Australasian Intervarsity Debating Association debating.net - Australasian Intervarsity Debating Association (2002-3)
Other related websites - volconvo.com - Debate Network (Arguments for and against a wide variety of debate topics) debateleaders.org - Associated Leaders of Urban Debate (A national organization promoting debate to the general public) (US, K-8, secondary, and collegiate] debating.net - World Debate Website Information about university debating events around the globe Oxford Union (Oxford University) American Parliamentary Debating Association (U.S., collegiate) National Parliamentary Debate Association (U.S., collegiate) cedadebate.org - Cross Examination Debate Association (U.S., collegiate) wfu.edu - National Debate Tournament Home Page (U.S., collegiate) britishdebate.com - British Debate Information about school and university debating in Britain debatingsa.com.au - Debating SA Helpful resources for Primary and Secondary School debaters in Australia debate.uvm.edu - Debate Central Wideranging debate training website. Includes several online videos urbandebate.orgNational - Association of Urban Debate Leagues (U.S., secondary and middle school) National Forensic League (U.S., secondary school) NCFCANational Christian Forensics and Communications Association (U.S., secondary school) npdl.net - National Parliamentary Debate League (U.S., secondary school) thendca.org - National Debate Coaches Association (U.S., secondary school) debateoutreach.net - Debate Outreach Network A resource for starting a debate team. Includes video from the Dartmouth Debate Institute debatepoint.com - Debatepoint dot com Web-based debate software debating.org.nz - New Zealand Schools Debating Council Website of the New Zealand Schools Debating Council, who organise schools debating in New Zealand sda.sk - Slovak Debate Associaton ardor-deb.ro - ARDOR - Romanian National Debate Association asdvbonaparte.nl - ASDV Bonaparte is the academic debating society in Amsterdam npdl.netNational - Parliamentary Debate League - Parli Grand Nationals (U.S., secondary !school)Category:Debatingcs:Deb atade:Debatteet:Väitlusfr:Dé batnl:Debatja:ディベートp l:Debatasimple:Discussionsv:De batt DEBUG REDIRECT (debate)
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