gas

the state of matter distinguished from the solid and liquid states by: relatively low density and viscosity

relatively great expansion and contraction with changes in pressure and temperature

the ability to diffuse readily

and the spontaneous tendency to become distributed uniformly throughout any container a fluid in the gaseous state having neither independent shape nor volume and being able to expand indefinitely a volatile flammable mixture of hydrocarbons (hexane and heptane and octane etc.) derived from petroleum

used mainly as a fuel in internal-combustion engines a state of excessive gas in the alimentary canal a pedal that controls the throttle valve

"he stepped on the gas" a fossil fuel in the gaseous state

used for cooking and heating homes attack with gas

subject to gas fumes

"The despot gassed the rebellious tribes" show off

For other meanings see gas (disambiguation).''----A gas is one of the four main Phase (matter)phases of matter (after solid and liquid, and followed by plasma), that subsequently appear as a solid material is subjected to increasingly higher temperatures. (Incidentally, these phases correspond to the four_elementsfour basic elements distinguished in Antiquity: earth (solid), water (liquid), air (gas) and fire (plasma)). Thus, as energy in the form of heat is added, a solid (e.g. ice) will first melt to become a liquid (e.g. water), which will then boilingboil or evaporationevaporate to become a gas (e.g. water vapor). In some circumstances, a solid (e.g. "dry ice") can directly turn into a gas: this is called sublimation. If the gas is further heated, its atoms or molecules can become (wholly or partially) ionized, turning the gas into a plasma.

Properties of a gas - In the gas phase, the atoms or molecules constituting the matter basically move independently, with no forces keeping them together or pushing them apart. Their only interactions are rare and random collisions. The particles move in random directions, at high speeds, whose range is dependent on the temperature and defined by the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. Therefore, the gas phase is a completely disorderdisordered state. Following the second law of thermodynamics, gas particles will immediately diffuse to homogeneously fill any shape or volume of space that is made available to them. The thermodynamic state of a gas is characterized by its volume, its temperature, which is determined by the average velocity or kinetic energy of the molecules, and its pressure, which is determined by the average velocity and density or number of molecules. These variables are related by the fundamental gas laws, which state that the pressure in a gas is proportional to its temperature and number of molecules, but inversely proportional to its volume.Like liquids and plasmas, gases are fluids: they have the ability to flow and do not tend to return to their former configuration after deformation, although they do have viscosity. Unlike liquids, however, unconstrained gases do not occupy a fixed volume, but expand to fill whatever space they occupy. The kinetic energy per molecule in a gas is the second greatest of the states of matter (after Plasma physicsplasma). Because of this high kinetic energy, gas atoms and molecules tend to bounce off of any containing surface and off one another, the more powerfully as the kinetic energy is increased. A common misconception is that the collisions of the molecules with each other is essential to explain gas pressure, but in fact their random velocities are sufficient to define that quantity. Mutual collisions are important only for establishing the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. Gas particles are normally well separated, as opposed to liquid particles, which are in contact. A material particle (say a dust mote) in a gas moves in Brownian Motion. Since it is at the limit of (or beyond) current technology to observe individual gas particles (atoms or molecules), only theoretical calculations give suggestions as to how they move, but their motion is different from Brownian Motion. The reason is that Brownian Motion involves a smooth drag due to the frictional force of many gas molecules, punctuated by violent collisions of an individual (or several) gas molecule(s) with the particle. The particle (generally consisting of millions or billions of atoms) thus moves in a jagged course, yet not so jagged as we would expect to find if we could examine an individual gas molecule.

Etymology - The word "gas" was apparently coined in the early 17th century by the Belgian chemist Jan Baptist van Helmont, as a re-spelling of his pronunciation of the Greek word chaos.

See also -

Gas laws

Ideal gas

Kinetic theory of gases

Town Gas

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