pharmaceutical

Dictionary


  • drug or medicine that is prepared or dispensed in pharmacies and used in medical treatment of or relating to pharmacy or pharmacists
  • "the pharmaceutical industry" of or relating to drugs used in medical treatment

    • Wikipedia


    Pharmacology (in Greek languageGreek: ''pharmacon !(φάρμα ;κον)''? is drug, and ''logos !(λόγος ;)''? is science) is the study of how chemical substances interact with living systems. If these substances have medicationmedicinal properties, they are referred to as pharmaceuticals. The field encompasses drug composition, drug properties, interactions, toxicology, and desirable effects that can be used in therapy of diseases.Development of medication is a vital concern to medicine, but also has strong economical and political implications. To protect the consumer and prevent abuse, many governments regulate the manufacture, sale, and administration of medication. In the United States, the main regulatory body is the Food and Drug Administration through its publication of the United States PharmacopoeiaUSP.Pharmacology as a science is practiced by pharmacologists. Studies can include theoretical pharmacology, in contrast to Clinical pharmacology, - the medical field of pharmacology.

    Scientific background - The study of medicinal chemicals requires intimate knowledge of the biological system affected. With the knowledge of cell biology and biochemistry increasing, the field of pharmacology has also changed substantially. It has become possible, through molecular analysis of enzymes, to design chemicals that act on specific metabolic pathways.A chemical has, from the pharmacological point-of-view, various properties. Pharmacokinetics is its fate (e.g. its half-life and volume of distribution) in the organism, and pharmacodynamics is its mode of action and potential toxicity.When describing the pharmacokinetic properties of a chemical, a pharmacologist employs the ''ADME'' principle:
  • Absorption - How is the medication absorbed (through the skin, the intestine, the oral mucosa)?
  • Distribution - How does it spread through the organism?
  • Drug metabolismMetabolism - Is the medication converted chemically, and into which substances. Are these active? Could they be toxic?
  • Excretion - How is the medication eliminated (through the bile, urine, skin)?Medication is said to have a narrow or wide ''therapeutic margin'' or ''therapeutic window''. Those with a narrow window are more difficult to dose and administer, and may require therapeutic drug monitoring (examples are warfarin, some antiepileptics, aminoglycoside antibiotics).

    Classification - Medication can be usually classified in various ways, e.g. by its chemical properties, mode of administration, or biological system affected. An elaborate and widely used classification system is the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System.

    Types of medication -

    For the gastrointestinal tract or digestive system -
  • Upper digestive tract: antacids, reflux suppressants, antiflatulents, antidopaminergics, proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagonists, cytoprotectants, prostaglandin analogues
  • Lower digestive tract: laxatives, antispasmodics, antidiarrhoeals, bile acid sequestrants, opioids

    For the cardiovascular system -
  • General: beta-receptor blocker, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, cardiac glycosides, antiarrhythmics, nitrate, antianginals, vasoconstrictor, vasodilator, peripheral activator
  • Affecting AntihypertensiveBlood pressure: ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin II receptor antagonistangiotensin receptor blockers, alpha blocker
  • Coagulation: anticoagulant, heparin, antiplatelet drug, fibrinolytic, Factor VIIIanti-hemophilic factor, haemostatic drugs
  • Atherosclerosis/cholesterol agents: hypolipidaemic agents, statins.

    For the central nervous system - hypnotic, anaesthetics, antipsychotic, antidepressant (including tricyclicstricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, lithium salt, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor), anti-emetic, anticonvulsant and antiepileptic, anxiolytic, barbiturate, movement disorder drug, stimulant (including amphetamineamphetamines), benzodiazepine, cyclopyrrolone, dopamine antagonist, antihistamine, cholinergic, anticholinergic, emetic, cannabinoids, 5-HT antagonist

    For pain & consciousness (Anaesthetic drugs) - analgesics (includes acetaminophen, NSAIDs and opioids), local anesthetics, general anaesthetics, sedatives, migraine treatment drug

    For Muscular systemmusculo-Skeletonskeletal disorders - NSAIDs (including COX-2 selective inhibitors), muscle relaxant, neuromuscular drug
    anticholinesterase

    For the eye -
  • General: adrenergic neurone blocker, astringent, ocular lubricant
  • Diagnostic: anestheticstopical anesthetics, sympathomimetics, parasympatholytics, mydriatics, cycloplegics
  • Anti-bacterial: antibiotics, topical antibiotics, sulfa drugs, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones
  • Anti-viral:
  • Anti-fungal: imidazoles, polyenes
  • Anti-inflammatory: NSAIDs, corticosteroids
  • Anti-allergy: mast cellmast cell inhibitors
  • Anti-glaucoma: adrenergic agonists, beta-blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors/hyperosmotics, cholinergics, miotics, parasympathomimetics, prostaglandin agonists/prostaglandin inhibitors. nitroglycerin

    For the ear, nose and oropharynx - sympathomimetic, antihistamine, anticholinergic, NSAIDs, steroid, antiseptic, local anesthetic, antifungal, cerumenolytic

    For the respiratory system - bronchodilator, NSAIDs, anti-allergic, antitussive, mucolytic, !decongestant
    corticos teroid,? beta-receptor antagonist, anticholinergic, steroid

    For endocrine problems - androgen, antiandrogen, gonadotropin, corticosteroid, growth hormone, insulin, antidiabetic (sulfonylurea, biguanide/metformin, thiazolidinedione, insulin), thyroid hormones, antithyroid drugs, calcitonin, diphosponate, vasopressin analogues

    For the reproductive system or urinary system - antifungal, alkalising agent, quinolones, antibiotic, cholinergic, anticholinergic, anticholinesterase, antispasmodic, 5-alpha reductase inhibitor, selective alpha-1 blocker, sildenafil

    For contraception - contraceptive, oral contraceptives, spermicide, depot contraceptives

    For obstetrics and gynaecology - NSAIDs, anticholinergic, haemostatic drug, antifibrinolytic, Hormone Replacement Therapy, bone regulator, beta-receptor agonist, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone, LHRH
    gamolenic acid, gonadotropin release inhibitor, progestogen, dopamine agonist, estrogenoestrogen, prostaglandin, gonadorelin, clomiphene, tamoxifen, Diethylstilbestrol

    For the skin - emollient, antipruriticanti-pruritic, antifungal, disinfectant, scabicide, pediculicide, tar products, vitamin A derivatives, vitamin D analogue, keratolytic, abrasive, systemic antibiotic, topical antibiotic, hormonehormones, desloughing agent, exudate absorbent, fibrinolytic, proteolytic, sunscreen, antiperspirant, corticosteroid

    For infections and infestations - antibiotic, antifungal, antileprotic, antituberculous drug, antimalarial, anthelmintic, amoebicide, antiviral, antiprotozoal, antiserum

    For immunology - vaccine, immunoglobulin, immunosuppressant, interferon, monoclonal antibody

    For Allergyallergic disorders - anti-allergic, antihistamine, NSAIDs

    For nutrition - tonic (medicine)tonic, iron preparation, electrolyte, parenteral nutritional supplement, vitamins, anti-obesity drug, anabolic drug, haematopoietic drug, food product drug

    For neoplastic disorders - cytotoxic drug, sex hormones, aromatase inhibitor, somatostatin inhibitor, recombinant interleukins, Granulocyte-colony stimulating factorG-CSF, erythropoietin

    For diagnostics - contrast media

    For euthanasia - A euthanaticum is used for euthanasiaeuthanasia and physician-assisted suicide, see also !Barbiturate#Other_non-therapeu tical_usebarbiturates.

    External links -
  • ich.org - International Conference on Harmonisation
  • usp.org - US Pharmocopea
  • davabazaar.co.in - Davabazaar.co.in

    See also -
  • Cosmeceuticals
  • Drug design
  • List of withdrawn drugs
  • Medicare Part D - the new prescription drug plan in the U.S.
  • Medicinal chemistry
  • Pharmaceutical company
  • Psychopharmacology - medication for mental conditionsTechnology-footer Category:Pharmacology !Category:Biochemistryca:Farmac ologiada:Farmakologide:Pharmak ologiees:Farmacologíaeo:Farma kologiofr:Pharmacologiehe:פר מקולוגיהhu:Gyógyszerh atástannl:Farmacieja:薬理 no:Farmakologipl:Farmakologia pt:Farmacologiasv:Farmakologit h:เภสัชวิทย tr:Farmakolojiuk:Фарма ологіяvi:Dược? lý họczh:药理学 DEBUG REDIRECT (pharmacology)

    • Websites


    PharmaPromo - reaching new limits in the pharmaceutical world
    A diverse and complete marketing platform for professionals in the pharmaceutical industry. We offer any form of pharma company the opportunity to reach a wider spectrum of high quality and targeted online consumers. Our network of sites will increase the awareness and importance of your organization and your product pipelines. As a consumer, PharmaPromo is dedicated to providing them with a community-orientated meeting point where they can find the most relevant and updated information regarding a specific medication, and interact with others who have used it via our specialised forums.
    http://www.pharmapromo.com/

    PharmaVOICE
    PharmaVOICE is the executive forum that allows business leaders to engage in a candid dialogue on the myriad challenges and trends impacting the life-sciences industry. Reaching more than 17,000 U.S.-based executives, PharmaVOICE provides readers with insightful and thought-provoking commentary in a multiple-perspective format through its forums, topics, and articles.
    http://www.pharmavoice.com/

    MVS Solutions
    Management, enterprise and technology consulting firm- also providing business plans, operational plans, marketing plans, funding documents and strategy for new enterprise development, continuing enterprise development and startups in the high tech, biotech, life sciences, medical device, medical technology, pharmaceutical, natural products, personal healthcare, chemistry, environmental, homeland security, nanotechnology, materials sciences and related industries.
    http://www.mvssolutions.biz/

    Kallio, elixir cosmetics
    kallio, elixir cosmetics. natural cosmetics of hight natural content and fine cosmetic texture. Kallio sold in pharmacies.
    http://www.kallio.com.gr/

    Contract Research Organization
    Global CINRG is a technology-driven global pharmaceutical, biotechnology and medical decide product development company combining a global CRO with a multinational ARO-SMO, uniform SOPs and uniform technology.
    http://www.globalcinrg.com/

    Pharmaceutical Wholesaler / distributor - Pharmaceutical Supplier in UK
    International Pharmaceutical wholesaler- distributor in UK. We distribute prescription drugs, counter Medicines, Medical supplies at a wholesale price.
    http://www.dreampharma.com/

    DAB Consulting Inc.
    Executive Search Firm specializing in Pharmaceutical, Biotechnology, and IT Consulting clients
    http://www.dabconsulting.com/

    ContractPharm, an agency-independent resource for pharmaceutical research contractors.
    ContractPharm - A one-stop shop for pharmaceutical clinical contractors. We have various resources for contractors including contracting advice, CV advice, clinical advice, tips on dealing with agencies and a vocal forum. when contractors are are looking to to enter the contract market, wondering how to start contracting or are simply looking for your next position, they''ll find everything they need here. We also have a significant links menu, providing our visitors with the best sites, for travel and shopping online.
    http://www.contractpharm.co.uk/

    IBR Ltd. Israeli Biotechnology Research
    Develops and manufactures innovative and proprietary natural active ingredients for the cosmetics, therapeutic and food industries
    http://www.ibrweb.com/

    Tubular glass packaging Manufacturer-Klasspack Pvt. Ltd.
    M/s Klasspack Pvt. Ltd., is one of India's leading manufacturer of Glass Ampoules and Tubular Glass Vials of USP type 1, widely used as packaging materials by Pharmaceuticals companies for their life saving drugs. Our product profile consists of wide varieties of Glass Ampoules ranging from 0.5ml to 25ml and Tubular Glass vials of USP type 1 only, ranging from 2ml to 100ml. We are the only company in India using 100% Schott glass tubing both Indian and Fiolax (German) as per our customer requirement. For more information on our company and our product kindly visit our web site at www.klasspack.com.
    http://www.klasspack.com/

    Global Scientific Consulting
    A firm with a wide range of expertise based on academic and industrial experience.
    http://www.consult-globalsci.com/

    LifeSciencesWorld
    Your online resource for biotechnology, pharmaceutical, medical devices and life sciences industries.
    http://www.lifesciencesworld.com/

    Olson Lewis Dioli & Doktor Architects& Planners, Inc.
    Located in centuries-old Manchester-by-the-Sea, MA, Olson Lewis Dioli & Doktor is a full service architectural firm whose design process is a collaborative one. We work in partnership with our clients, listening closely, so that architectural solutions that we develop fully support our client's goals and aspirations. The firm has several areas of expertise For instance, some members of our staff focus on a portfolio of university, pharmaceutical and biotechnology laboratories, and their related corporate spaces such as offices, conference and presentation spaces, dining, reception and administrative areas. Another team collaborates with educational and institutional clients such as independent primary and secondary schools, and colleges throughout New England to provide campus plans and to design specific academic, administrative, arts and athletic facilities. The firm's residential background includes construction of new single-family homes and multi-unit housing complexes and communities, for clients ranging from luxury retirees and investors to those developing affordable (40B) accommodations. OLD&D's hospitality work encompasses inns, hotels and health spas, country clubs, race tracks, restaurants, recreational and resorts.
    http://www.oldarch.com/

    PharmaHungary - innovative R&D solutions
    PharmaHungary is a mixed business model company. PharmaHungary (in strategic alliance with the Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Szeged) provides innovative and creative R&D solutions in preclinical and clinical research for the pharmaceutical, biotechnological, and food supplement industry focusing on the cardiovascular field. Our innovative R&D solutions significantly reduce the time of preclinical drug development. The high quality of our services is based on our highly trained (in the US, Canada, UK, Germany) management team with recognized international expertise in preclinical and clinical pharmacology as well as medical sciences and quality management. PharmaHungary runs in-house development projects for the diagnosis and therapy of cardiovascular, allergic, and inflammatory diseases. PharmaHungary currently focuses on the development of new compounds that inhibit the actions of peroxynitrite and its downstream cellular targets such as matrix metalloproteinases. PharmaHungary intends to license its new technologies and to develop joint venture R&D projects with larger pharmaceutical and biotechnological companies. Currently, a potent use-patent for repositioning of doxycycline is available for out-licensing or further development.
    http://www.pharmahungary.com/

    hyphen MassSpec Consultancy
    Information on expert consultancy and in-house course on LC-MS, MS-MS interpretation and other mass spectrometry topics
    http://www.hyphenms.nl/

    Van Mil Consultancy
    Small company for consultation and research activities in the field of community pharmacy practice and pharmaceutical care
    http://www.vanmilconsult.nl/

    sikalias pharmaceutical cosmetics ltd
    production of natural cosmetics for pharmacies
    http://www.sikalias.gr/

    Arcadia Software Development
    Arcadia Software Development headquartered in Amman Jordan, seamlessly delivers unique enterprise solutions focusing primarily on the pharmaceutical and financial industries. Arcadia is more commonly known throughout the software development community for their unmatched expertise in software components. As a market expert in this arena, Arcadia provides the tools to better assist software developers by enhancing the functionality and user interface experience of programs with minimal effort. With a clientele base in over thirty five countries, Arcadia attributes its success to the company’s exceptional focus on delivering high quality, user friendly and reasonably priced products while maintaining a strong customer support commitment. Customers include government and non-profit organizations, Fortune 500 and multinational companies, manufacturing firms, small-to-medium businesses from various industries, and independent consultants.
    http://www.arcadiahome.com/

    Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA)
    Represents leading research-based pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies in the US. Information on membership, publications and industry news.
    http://www.phrma.org/

    Pharmaceutical Online
    Daily news and product updates for professionals in the pharmaceutical industry. Information on manufacturing, technology, equipment, supplies, and discussion forums, online chat, newsletter and software.
    http://www.pharmaceuticalonline.com/

    American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA)
    The national professional society of pharmacists, was founded in 1852 and is the first established and largest professional association of pharmacists in the United States. The more than 50,000 members of APhA include practicing pharmacists, pharmaceutical scientists, pharmacy students, pharmacy technicians, and others interested in advancing the profession.
    http://www.aphanet.org/

    American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS)
    A professional, scientific society of more than 9,000 members employed in academia, industry, government and other research institutes worldwide.
    http://www.aaps.org/

    Pharmaceutical Acronym Converter
    Contains thousands of acronyms and their long forms. Type in FDA and get Food and Drugs Administration.
    http://www.pharma-lexicon.com/

    Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry
    Trade association of companies in the UK producing prescription medicines. Includes information about the society and statistics.
    http://www.abpi.org.uk/

    The Pharmaceutical Journal
    The official journal of The Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. Contains advertisements for business and trade and jobs ads in community pharmacy, hospital pharmacy and for pharmacists working in academia and industry.
    http://www.pharmj.com/
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